A Multitude of Urban
Theories. There are many theories
relevant to urban ecosystems. These
theories differ in their focus on specific facets of urban structure, function,
or dynamics, and in their focus on one or several scales. Broad urban theories address topics as
diverse as the ancient development of cities, the scaling law of benefits and
burdens of urban size, urban gradients in megaregional context, urban
metabolism and footprint, urban biodiversity, species homogenization and
adaptation, political ecology, industrial modernization, and many others. Urban theories have emerged from disciplines
as diverse as sociology, architecture, urban planning, and economics. This document introduces a candidate theory
for BES: a theory of urban heterogeneity.
Jobs of Theory. There are two main jobs for BES theory: 1)
Motivating the hypotheses behind specific research projects within BES; and 2)
Clearly linking the diverse specialized activities in BES to a
multidisciplinary framework. In addition,
our theory should help organize research and education in the context of
Baltimore’s metropolitan shift from a sanitary to a sustainable city and help
meet the challenges of climate change.
What theory might the Baltimore Ecosystem Study use to move
forward?
A Candidate Framework. BES has helped pioneer the social-ecological
approach to metropolitan ecosystems and of urban regions consisting of cities,
suburbs, exurbs, and rural lands. This
approach recognizes spatial heterogeneity at various scales, ranging from
individual parcels to the entire urban region.
Although we have used this perspective, in the form of patch dynamics,
from the beginning of BES, important improvements in the understanding of urban
systems suggest that we should attempt to articulate a new, inclusive theory of
urban spatial heterogeneity. Advances in
understanding the spatial dimensions of biogeophysical and social sciences must
be accommodated.
A newly articulated theory
for BES could emerge from an overarching
hypothesis: spatial heterogeneity at various scales, and reflecting the key
structures and processes in the metropolis, drives social-ecological
interactions and dynamics.
Nested within the overarching hypothesis would be specific
subtheories or model domains that specify the different, key structures and
processes we deem important in the Baltimore ecosystem. The choice of the subtheories should build on
empirical experience in Baltimore as well as on the broader social and
biogeophysical theories our team brings to the table.
The subtheories of urban heterogeneity match the fundamental
structure of ecosystems. We focus on 1)
the flux of materials across heterogeneous space, 2) the biotic potential of
different patches, with its implications for nutrient retention and ecosystem
production in the urban mosaic, and 3) the design and management decisions by
human institutional. These three
subtheories can help connect the overarching hypothesis to our specific
long-term data, experiments, and syntheses.
The discussions at the steering committee meeting on September 21 should
identify key model types, data streams, and the organizing hypotheses in each
of these three major urban ecosystem realms.
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