Metacity: Beyond Mere Size
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| Hong Kong. Copyright Brian McGrath. |
The term “metacity” was introduced by the United Nations as
a way to capture the increasing size of the largest urban aggregations on the
planet. Previously, the term “megacity”
had been the largest category of city, referring to any urban area comprising
more than 10 million people. With a
number of cities, such as Mexico City, Tokyo, Lagos, breaking the ceiling of 20
million inhabitants, UN Habitat chose to introduce a new term. The sequence of city size classes now
includes city at the lower end, grading through increasing sizes of metropolis,
megacity or hypercity, with metacity representing the largest agglomeration.
BES Co-PI Brian McGrath suggested that the emphasis on size
of the city by this classification left much to be desired. For example, the metacity category included
such different cities as metropolitan New York and Lagos, Nigeria. The first is a city with sanitary
infrastructure, and long established control over the form and location of
growth. Lagos, on the other hand, like
many huge cities in the Global south, is plagued by sprawling in-migration and lack
of well developed sanitary infrastructure, among other constraints. Lumping these cities together in terms of
mere size fails to take account of the vast social and environmental
differences that they exhibit.
A Dynamic Concept for Urban Design
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| Shenzhen. Copyright Brian McGrath. |
McGrath pointed out that a better use of the metacity
concept was to highlight the dynamic and patchy changes that cities were experiencing. If cities are considered to be complex
spatial mosaics, reflecting spatially distinct changes in the buildings,
infrastructure, human demography, and economic investment and activity, the
idea of metacity could help focus on those things, not just mere size. A dynamic, spatially patchy metacity could
just as well be shrinking as a result of declining residential density or
industrial activity, as it could be growing explosively in an unplanned manner.
Metacity as a Parallel between Ecology and Urban Design
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| HERCULES patch mosaic, Glyndon, Baltimore. |
When McGrath introduced me to the metacity concept, and its
dynamic refinements, I was immediately struck by the parallels with some “meta”
terms in ecology. Metapopulations and
metacommunities are characterized not by size, but by being “systems of systems.” A metapopulation is a collection of spatially
discrete populations of a species that may periodically be linked by migration,
exchange of genes, or sharing information.
Different populations in the collection can grow, shrink, or even go
extinct relatively independently.
Similarly, a metacommunity is a collection of different species that is
represented by spatially distinct patches.
Large, physically powerful disturbances are a cause of loss of different
members of a collection of a particular kind of community. Likewise, metacities can comprise patches
that are changing as well as patches that are relatively stable. The changing patches can be shifting in
social or architectural composition, population density, access to transportation
and other resources, and in many other ways.
Baltimore as a city-suburban-exurban system is surely a metacity, with growth,
shrinkage, economic and demographic shifts occurring in different patches
across the five county metropolitan area.
In other words, a metacity and various kinds of meta-ecology share
important dynamic features.
So the metacity concept is an excellent way to link the
concerns, theories, and activities of socio-ecological research with urban
design and regional land use decisions.
This concept and its power as an integrative tool is explored in a new
paper by McGrath and myself. If you want
to have a look at the original publication, follow this link:
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