The transformation of the Earth’s human population to a
predominantly urban home is one of the major milestones of the 21st century. While urbanization in
industrialized regions such as the United States and northern Europe has been
intense for more than a century, understanding global urbanization requires
that we look beyond the cities of those regions.
Baltimore tells an ecological story that is shaped by the
shift from an industrial economy to a service and knowledge economy, and now
hopefully toward a sustainable trajectory.
Thinning in the core, shifts in density toward the suburban and exurban
fringe are some of the physical features of that story, which are shared by
many U.S. cities. There are many social
and ecological effects of these changes, and the Baltimore Ecosystem Study has
discovered new features of urban biogeochemistry, physical environment,
biodiversity, economic, and policy interactions among them. However, there is still a need to put our
intense focus on the Baltimore region into a broader context. Where do the urban transformations that
Baltimore is experiencing fit within the diverse trajectories and patterns that
urbanization represents around the world?
How do we contribute to and fit within a broader theory of urban
ecosystems and urban change?
To help answer this question, I have been interacting with
colleagues in various countries. A while
ago, I wrote about my experiences in learning about urbanization in China (http://besdirector.blogspot.com/2014/10/baltimore-and-beijing-learning.html). This year’s urban intellectual adventure has
taken me to South Africa.
What do I expect to learn about urbanization at the southern
tip of Africa? This visit follows on
intense interactions with Melissa McHale of North Carolina State University and
David Bunn, Director of the Knowledge Hub (http://www.knowledgehub.wits.ac.za/)
at the University of the Witwatersrand Rural Facility near Bushbuck Ridge,
South Africa. These interactions have
resulted in discussions and field trips that have identified features of
urbanization that are not part of the standard American patterns of urban
change (cf. McHale et al. 2013).
One reason that Africa is an important venue for
understanding urbanization is that it is the next and last great frontier for
urban intensification on the globe.
Everybody knows that the shifts from traditional, rural residence and
lifestyle, agrarian livelihoods and consumption patterns to those that are
shaped by urban attitudes, equity, economies, and information flows, are
proceeding apace in China and India.
China has a purposeful policy of converting its vast population to the
urban realm. New city building,
engulfing of villages in urban megaregions, and replacement of farming
livelihoods with industrial employment are hallmarks of this
transformation. The diverse nations of
sub-Saharan Africa exhibit an array of urbanization patterns and
transformations from which the world might learn.
Africa is still predominantly a rural continent, in spite of
hosting some truly huge cities like Lagos.
United Nations has estimated that the population of Africa may quadruple
from its 1.1 billion by 2100 (http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/africa-population/). Population projections over the course of a
century are admittedly subject to some uncertainty, but even if it is off some,
the changes promised for Africa are immense.
The growth rate in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to be especially
large.
This remarkable population growth has profound implications
for urbanization in Africa. Some urban
population growth will be the result of people moving to established cities and
towns. Informal settlements and shanty
towns are already a part of this trend, and will very likely continue to be. In other cases, urbanization will involve the
conversion of already dense rural areas into new form of settlement in which
aspects of rural life ways and urban patterns of culture and consumption mix. Already a great deal of African urbanization
is occurring without the industrial-to-sanitary city conversion that is
familiar in North America and Europe. It
is also proceeding with broad connectivity, but with little hard-wired
infrastructure. For example, cell phones
link people and provide banking without bricks and mortar, along with new
opportunities for scamming the unwary.
African urbanization also exhibits much more spatial and temporal
flexibility than we are used to in the Global North. Commercial and social uses of particular
places shift over the course of a day in ways that are virtually unheard of in
the highly zoned sanitary city.
As I begin a month in northeastern South Africa to explore
and discuss with colleagues the striking features of urbanization, here are
some initial thoughts. Some are captured
in the literature already, and some are points of discussion and curiosity.
- Africa will be the final frontier of global transformation from rural to urban, but the nature of the resulting patchworks will be different from those in the Global North.
- Urban areas and rural areas are parts of interconnected, patchy regions.
- The linkages between cities and rural areas in Africa flow both ways. People move back and forth depending on jobs, informal employment, and government grants to the aged and for children.
- Rural and urban lifestyles mix and match with families and “households” spread across regional extents.
- Infrastructure for communication and electrical power may not always follow the gridded model with centralized supply and distribution.
- Consumption may be a more compelling model for urban migrants than the benefits of the industrial or sanitary city.
- Perhaps the biggest general idea, very relevant to Baltimore, is that what looks distinctly urban or distinctly rural may in fact be hybrid systems.
These points, many of which are the topics of new or needed
research, suggest a very different set of models for urbanization and indeed
the continued change of urban regions than exist in North America. In essence they bound a conceptual space in which
the structure, function, and change in Baltimore are a subset. Urban is no longer just about the city.
Acknowledgements. In
addition to host Prof David Bunn, Director of the University of the
Witwatersrand Knowledge Hub for Rural Development at the Wits Rural Facility, I
have been fortunate to share this visit with Prof Dan Childers from Arizona
State University. Financial support
provided by a Fullbright Specialist Program grant, and the Urban Sustainability
Research Coordination Network.
Bibliography
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